Bila Tserkva nickel card, nickel bar NP1, titanium card (strip), molybdenum bar and strip (stab), chromel, alumel, kopel

Bila Tserkva nickel card, nickel bar NP1, titanium card (strip), molybdenum bar and strip (stab), chromel, alumel, kopel

The nickel card is the result of cutting nickel cathode sheets. The cutting operation is carried out to increase the speed of the loading / unloading process, as well as to more accurately meet the needs of the customer. Nickel card is used as one of the main components of modern superalloys - heat-resistant materials used in aerospace for parts of power plants. Nickel superalloys also include white gold, used in a variety of jewelry, monel, nichrome, and nickel and chromium steels. The use of nickel in these metals significantly increases their corrosion resistance. It is curious that alloys of some metals with nickel have the so-called "shape memory" effect. In practice, this means that if the original shape given to the product has been violated, then it can be restored by heating. For example, a connecting tube made of titanium nickelide, widely used in hydraulic systems of military aviation: first, the tube is given the desired shape and projections for fixing, then it is cooled to -196? C, leveling out all the irregularities and making it perfectly smooth inside. The tube is then put on the 2 connected tubes and at room temperature it restores its original fixation protrusions. In a "regular" fighter, the number of such compounds is from 300 thousand and more. However, due to the high strength of the alloy itself, failures of such connections have never been reported.
The simple substance nickel is a ductile, malleable, silvery-white transition metal. At ordinary temperatures in air, it is covered with a thin film of oxide. Chemically inactive.
The bar is a fairly popular form of industrial semi-finished products. It serves as the starting material for the production of other blanks, such as wire, as well as finished products supplied to end users. Nickel gives the workpiece special properties, among which it is worth highlighting increased heat resistance and heat resistance, as well as resistance to corrosion. Together, a product that is in high demand by the industry is obtained.
Stamps
These products are made from semi-finished nickel NP2, NP3 and silicon nickel NK0.2. The main component of these grades is Ni + Co, whose share is 99.5%, 99.3% and 99.4, respectively. NK0.2 also contains a small amount of Si - 0.15-0.25%.
The chemical composition of alloys NP2, NP3, NK 0.2 is given in the GOST 492-2006 standard.
Production
Nickel rod and wheel are produced by hot rolling or drawing operations. Drawn products can be soft (annealed) or hard (non-annealed). To obtain soft semi-finished products, they are subjected to heat treatment, namely, annealing.
The drawn circle and the rod have a diameter of 5-40 mm, the products of a circular section of a larger diameter (42-90 mm) are produced by hot-rolled. In terms of length, this product is supplied both measured and not. Hot-rolled nickel circle and rod have a length of 1.0-3.0 m with a diameter of up to 60 mm and 0.7-1.4 m with a diameter of more than 60 mm. Drawn semi-finished products are produced in the size of 1.5-4.0 m.
Dimensions, mechanical properties, delivery status of this type of product are regulated by the GOST 13083-2016 standard.
Very often, a round bar is called a nickel circle. This is true for semi-finished products of sufficiently large diameter. For example, nickel circles Ø 50 mm, 60 mm, 80 mm and more. GOST 25501-82 does not contain a definition of a circle for blanks and semi-finished products, however, in practice, such a name for a bar of round cross section and large diameter is often used.
Application
Nickel rods are widely used in industries that place high demands on the corrosion resistance of products. These industries include electrovacuum engineering, as well as special engineering.
Bars made of nickel and nickel-based alloys are used in the manufacture of alkaline batteries, are used as catalysts, are used for anti-corrosion electroplating and the manufacture of filtration devices. They are also used as special parts in the manufacture of machines, tools, rocket science, and the nuclear industry.
Nickel anodes and cathodes (manufactured in accordance with GOST 2132-2015) are sheets produced according to approved standards and technological conditions. Sheet sizes vary:

     in thickness - 5 - 20 mm.
     in width - 500 - 800 mm.
     along the length - 500 - 2000 mm. (permissible deviation in length according to GOST - 20 mm.)

Sheets of measured (multiple 100 mm.) and unmeasured lengths are produced.
Usually, they are produced from nickel grades NP1, NP2, NP3 and NP4 according to GOST 492. For special-purpose products, a nickel sheet made from nickel grade NP-1 is used, the nickel content of which must be at least 99.9%. In the fields of mechanical engineering and instrumentation, it is usually usednickel sheet grade NP-2, with a nickel content of at least 99.5%. Sheets of grades NP-3 and NP-4 with a nickel content of 99.3% and 99.0% are used in less technological areas of industry. The properties of nickel sheets directly depend on the content of foreign impurities. The most degrading technological and mechanical characteristics are inclusions of sulfur, antimony, zinc, lead and bismuth. In particular, sulfur is dangerous because it forms a sulfide film, which easily melts at a temperature of about 645 ° C and causes hot brittleness of the sheet.
Anodes are subject to such a negative phenomenon as passivation. Passivation is understood as the formation of a thin film with high resistance on the surface of the anode sheet - it is formed as a result of the interaction of the electrolyte with the metal. A negative consequence of passivation is voltage delay.
Titanium strip is a narrow strip made of titanium or its alloys. Titanium is a light and strong metal with good corrosion resistance and high strength at low density. As a result, titanium strips are widely used in various industries, including aviation, space industry, medicine, chemical industry and others. The material is available in a wide range: sizes and thicknesses are selected depending on the specific requirements of the application. They can be obtained by hot or cold plate rolling or special processing methods. In the Aviapromstal catalog you can buy titanium strips for solving various problems.
Applications
Titanium strip is widely used in various industries due to its unique properties. Some of the main areas:

1. Aviation and space industry. Titanium strip is used to make light and strong components for aircraft, helicopters, spacecraft and satellites. The material provides high strength and resistance to high temperatures, which is important for the safety and efficiency of air and space transport.
2. Medical industry. The product is used for the manufacture of medical implants: artificial joints, plates and screws for orthopedic operations. Titanium has excellent biocompatibility, which increases the chance of a foreign element being accepted by the body without negative reactions.
3. Chemical industry. Titanium strips are used in the manufacture of chemical apparatus such as reactors, heat exchangers and tanks. The product has high corrosion resistance in aggressive media such as acids and alkalis and is therefore ideal for chemical processes.

Also, titanium in general and strips in particular can be used in the automotive and energy industries. It is very important to take into account the subsequent environment and operating conditions of the purchased raw materials.
Main advantages
The advantages of titanium strips include high strength, lightness, good corrosion resistance, high thermal and electrical conductivity, and the ability to process them by welding and forming. These properties make the product attractive for use in a variety of industries where a combination of strength and low weight is required.
  The rods are produced in the following grades:

1. Molybdenum bars and forgings M-MP (products are identical in their properties to bars of the MCh brand);
2. high precision molybdenum rods M99.95-MP.

Application
Bars and forgings M-MP and M99.95-MP are used to manufacture elements of high-temperature vacuum and hydrogen furnaces, thermal units of sapphire melting plants, elements of gas turbines, heat exchangers, electrodes for melting glass and basalt, etc. The thermionic properties of molybdenum: the work function of electrons is 4.29 eV, the low values of the evaporation rate and vapor pressure in vacuum at 1000 - 2000 ° C ensured the wide use of the metal in various designs of electrovacuum devices and as thermionic energy converters. Pure unalloyed molybdenum produced by powder metallurgy PM-Mo (POLEMA analogues: M-MP, M99.95-MP) has good plastic characteristics in the stress-relieving annealed state (SVR). The brittleness threshold Tx is in the temperature range well below room temperature. The strength σ in RM of molybdenum in the SVN state at high temperatures decreases monotonically: 95-100 MPa at T=1200 0C, 75-80 MPa at T= 1400 0C, approximately 50-40 MPa at T=1600 -1800 0C. The service life of molybdenum products is affected by creep and evaporation of the metal in a vacuum. The evaporation rate of molybdenum is 2.07*10-9 g/cm2*s at T=1727 0C; 7.3*10-8 g/cm2*s at Т=1927 0С; 5.03*10-6 g/cm2*s at Т=2227 0С. Nevertheless, in structures operating under static conditions (vacuum furnace screens), sheets, rods of molybdenum M-MP and M99.95-MP, used, for example, to equip thermal units for growing sapphire single crystals, serve at operating temperatures of 2000 -2100 0C.
Molybdenum recrystallization temperature: start at 900 0C, complete recrystallizationoccurs at 1100 0C (annealing for 1 h). In the recrystallized state, molybdenum is brittle at room temperature. In air, molybdenum begins to oxidize at T=400 0C, the oxidation rate increases significantly at T > 600 0C.
These properties of pure unalloyed molybdenum determine the areas of its application as a heat-resistant material.
1. Molybdenum bars and forgings M-MP

Chemical composition
Modern methods of powder metallurgy provide a high degree of purity of molybdenum in terms of metallic and interstitial impurities (C, N, O, H), the microstructure necessary for use as a heat-resistant structural material in electrical engineering and other devices operating at extremely high temperatures.
The chemical composition of the finished bars and forgings is ensured not below the standards established for the original molybdenum powder. Since 2002, the company has been using mainly molybdenum powder PM99.95 for the production of products.
Due to the low content of interstitial impurities, metal impurities, as well as the fine-grained structure of the material, the finished products are distinguished by excellent plastic characteristics.
If necessary, products are produced that correspond in terms of operational characteristics and parameters to products of the MCH and MCHVP brand bars.
  Heat treatment and microstructure
Bars are made heat-treated - in an annealed state to relieve internal stresses, unless other requirements are specified by the customer.
In the microstructure of bars with a diameter of up to 40 mm, a complete recrystallization structure is not allowed, unless special requirements for recrystallization annealing or structure parameters are specified and agreed with the customer.