Kremenchug sheet, circle tool steel U8A, HVG, 9XC, 5HNM, R6M5, spring-loaded 65G

In order for a spring steel to become elastic, it must undergo calcination over its entire cross section. This moment is very important. If you ignore it, then a high yield strength will occur only on individual fragments of the part. Therefore, with prolonged compression, such a part may crack, break or burst. When choosing a steel alloy for the manufacture of a spring-spring element, one must remember the concentration of alloying additives. The optimal concentration of carbon in the composition of the alloy is 0.5-0.7%. The use of material with a higher carbon content is allowed, but it does not make much practical sense. Indeed, in this case, the risk of material cracking under prolonged load is significantly increased, which makes the steel-spring useless. Some additional requirements regarding the content of alloying additives: Silicon - no more than 2.5%. Manganese - up to 1.1%. Tungsten - up to 1.2%. Nickel - no more than 1.7%. To obtain spring steel, hardening of ordinary steel material is used. Hardening is recommended to be carried out at a temperature of the order of + 800-900 degrees. During hardening, the yield strength increases markedly, but at the same time a large amount of martensite is formed, which negatively affects the elasticity. Various technologies are used to destroy martensite. The best technique is the use of tempering at medium temperatures (400-500 degrees). Disadvantages of spring steel Poor weldability. Hardening leads to partial deformation, destruction of the outer layer of the material. In the case of welding, the melting of the outer hardened layer can lead to the creation of a poor, low-quality cracked weld. Problematic cutting. Spring steel alloy has a high resistance to elastic deformation, so it will be difficult to cut such a material. To obtain a metal with the desired physical properties, spring steel is tempered and hardened. Each of the stages has its own technological features: First, the spring steel is hardened at high temperatures. Due to hardening, the yield strength of the material is noticeably increased, which makes the steel elastic, malleable, and stable. However, during high-temperature hardening, martensitic compounds are formed inside the alloy, which sharply worsen the elasticity of the material, making it unusually brittle and hard. To get rid of martensitic compounds, spring steel should be tempered at low temperatures. During such processing, the martensites are destroyed, which makes it possible to obtain a material with the desired properties. Please note that the temperature and processing time for each step depends on the grades of spring steel being used. For example: the brand of spring steel 65G must be hardened at a temperature of + 800-850 degrees, tempered at + 400-500 degrees. In some cases, hardening and tempering are combined with the metal normalization procedure. This procedure allows you to get rid of unnecessary stresses inside the metal, however, in most cases, normalization occurs by itself during the cooling of the material. Therefore, additional processing by the normalization method is usually not required. Spring steel is a low alloy, medium or high carbon steel with a very high yield strength. This allows spring steel products to return to their original shape despite significant bending and twisting. Most spring steels (like those used in automobiles) are hardened and tempered to 45 on the Rockwell C scale. Silicon is a key component of most spring steel alloys. In the US, the most commonly used spring steel is ASTM A228 (0.80-0.95% carbon), which is also known as "music wire" or "piano wire". The main grades of spring steel are grades 60G, 65G and others, with a carbon content of 0.5-0.9%. It is used for the manufacture of springs and similar products, for example, torsion bars and springs. Because of its resistance to breakage and cracking, spring steel is also widely used in the manufacture of metal swords for stage combat. Spring steel is one of the most popular pick materials [source not given 275 days] due to its elasticity and flexibility. Also used for piano strings and spring collars.